What is a Price? – Definition of Prices and Role of Prices in Marketing

Setting prices isn’t easy. But you know that already, and that’s why you’re here.

In an ideal world, pricing products would be as easy as adding your ideal profit margin to your production cost to create a selling price, but we don’t live in an ideal world. 

If you manufacture something for a dollar and sell it for two, that won’t do you any good if each sale costs you five bucks in marketing costs. 

Pricing services can be even more difficult, because while time is money, it’s never easy to estimate how long something will take. It becomes a question of, “How long is a piece of string?”

A piece of string. How long is it? (Source)

People tend to take pricing for granted until they’re responsible for setting prices. Suddenly, they need to understand pricing strategies and market positioning, especially if they want to maximize revenue and get the most bang for their buck.

And so with that in mind, let’s take a closer look at the concept of pricing in marketing and the most effective pricing methods we have available to us.

Action Point

• Spend some time understanding your production, marketing, and distribution costs. The goal is to have an exact figure for the total cost of your product or service from production to delivery.
• This then gives you your breakeven price. If you sell below this price, you’ll lose money.

The Precise Definition of Prices

Not all prices are created equally. Let me explain.

Put simply, the price of something is the amount of money that’s being charged for it. If you go to Starbucks and pay them $5.99 for a coffee, that coffee is priced at $5.99.

Oscar Wilde famously said that a cynic is “a man who knows the price of everything and the value of nothing”. This is an important reminder that price and value are two different things.

If you were dying of thirst in the Sahara Desert and someone offered to sell you a bottle of water for five bucks, you’d think that a price of $5 was great value. In other words, the product’s price would be below its perceived value.

Prices can be applied to both products and services, although service providers might also use words like “fee” and “fare”. In fact, when you define pricing, you also need to define the following:

• Charge: Sometimes used as a synonym for price, this term can also refer to additional costs that are incurred above and beyond a stated price, such as when a bank charges you for going overdrawn.

• Cost: The amount of money it takes to buy, do, or make something. A customer might ask “How much does it cost?” and be referring to the price, but you also need to be aware of how much it costs you to provide that product or service in the first place.

• Fare: Another synonym for price that’s normally used for transportation, as is the case with bus and train fares.

• Fee: Synonymous with “price” and usually used to refer to professional services as opposed to products.

• Price Point: A rough approximation of pricing, typically visualized as being a point on a scale of possible prices. For example, Dollar Tree specializes in selling products at a low price point. 

• Price: The amount of money for which a product or service is sold. 

• Value: As we saw with that water bottle in the Sahara, the value of something is the worth that we assign to it regardless of what it’s priced at. We’ll talk about that later when we look at value-based pricing.

Three different price points out in the wild. (Source)

Be warned, though, that just because you now know what these words mean, that’s not the case for everyone. For example, a customer might ask you, “How much does it cost?” Even though they’re using the word “cost”, they’re actually asking about the “price”. Context is key.

Action Point

• Make sure you understand the different definitions that we’ve just covered. Try to identify examples of each term from your own life (e.g. the fare you paid for your last Uber ride and the price point of your favorite restaurant).

Introducing the Most Common Pricing Strategies

There are a ton of pricing strategies out there. The option you decide to go with will depend upon a range of factors including your market research and the kind of product or service you’re selling.

Some of the most common pricing strategies include:

Pricing Type	Definition	Example
Competitive Pricing	Basing pricing on the competition and where you fit into the marketplace.	Supermarkets (Price Match)
Cost-Plus Pricing	Relies on taking the per-unit production cost of a product and adding a fixed markup to it, often expressed in terms of a percentage.	Manufacturing, Print on Demand
Demand-Based Pricing	Also known as dynamic pricing, this is a form of pricing where prices are constantly adjusted based upon how much demand there is for the product or service.	Stock Market, Seasonal Products, Airlines, CPC Advertising
Economy Pricing	Using low pricing (especially when compared to competitors) to target mass markets or sell commodity products.	Aldi, Walmart, McDonald’s
Penetration Pricing	Deliberately using low prices to capture market share, especially during a new product launch.	Netflix, HelloFresh
Premium Pricing	Using high pricing (especially when compared to competitors) to establish a sense of luxury and exclusivity.	Apple, Porsche, Rolex
Price Skimming	Using high prices to begin with, then reducing those prices as additional competitors come into the marketplace or products are superseded by newer models.	Sony, Samsung, Nike
Value-Based Pricing	Basing prices on the customer’s perceived value of the product. An extreme example of this is when musicians allow fans to choose how much they want to pay to download their album.	Convenience Stores, Housing, Diamonds

The pricing strategy that you go with will depend upon a variety of factors, ranging from your customers’ spending power to the pricing and products of the competition. We’ll take a closer look at some of these factors later in this article.

Action Point

• Start by understanding the approximate price point of your product/service, ensuring that it’s above your breakeven price. Will you be selling at $10, $100 or $1,000?
• Don’t sweat the small stuff, such as by debating whether to go for $1,000 or $995, as that will come later. With your approximate price point in mind, identify which of the most common pricing strategies works best for you.

Pricing Goods vs. Pricing Services

When we talk about goods, we’re essentially talking about digital or physical products. Due to the nature of these products, we’re able to have a good idea of their production cost, and so they tend to naturally fit into models like cost-plus pricing and penetration pricing. 

Pricing services is a little different, because delivering a service takes time — and time, as they say, is money. 

Companies that provide services, such as law firms and marketing agencies, typically calculate a “per hour” rate for their employees which is based upon their salary and which acts as a breakeven price for an hour of their time.

This means they can use any of the pricing strategies that we’ve talked about, as long as they make sure that they’re pricing themselves above that breakeven point. Value-based pricing tends to work particularly well for service companies.

Value versus cost, as taught by Mimi and Eunice. (Source)

Action Point

• First, identify whether you’re selling goods or services. Then, figure out either your production cost or your per hour rate. Take this number and apply each of the different pricing strategies to identify what your final sale price might look like.

Thinking Like a Customer

As you price your product/service, it can help to think about your customer’s mindset.

Customers tap into a bunch of different factors when deciding how much they’re willing to spend — or, to put it differently, the price they’re prepared to pay.

Your customer’s mind. This is what you need to see inside. (Source)

Most people want to spend as little as possible, but they also recognize that “you get what you pay for”. That’s why high-end fashion brands and companies like Apple are able to adopt a premium pricing model.

Often, the price that people are willing to pay comes down to perceived value. This means that if you want people to pay more for your product, you need to increase the amount of value they believe they’re getting.

Value can be provided in a number of ways, from adding freebies (such as a free toy inside a cereal box) to guaranteeing exclusivity (e.g. only making a new product available to existing customers) or providing convenience (like when we order food to be delivered).

Thinking in terms of perceived value and putting yourself in your customers’ shoes will make it easier for you to figure out the price they’ll be willing to pay. But there’s plenty more for us to think about.

Action Point

• Put yourself in your customer’s shoes and think about the value they perceive in what you have to offer them. Ask yourself how much they’d be likely to pay for what you’re selling, then use that figure to guide your pricing.

Why Pricing is So Important

The prices you choose can make the difference between whether you make a sale or whether the customer walks away or chooses to buy from a competitor. In other words, the consumer perspective of price has a direct influence on sales and, consequently, profit.

The good news is that it’s super easy for you to adjust your pricing, and you can continue to test it over time to make sure that you’re maximizing profit while still positively influencing purchasing decisions.

Other parts of the marketing mix (such as product and promotion) tend to seem more glamorous and get more attention, but knowing how to set a price can be more important than all of the other elements combined. Here’s why:

• If customers believe they’re getting good value from their purchases, they’re more likely to come back again for repeat transactions.
• If your pricing doesn’t match the other components of the marketing mix, customers will want to know why.
• Price changes impact your marketing strategy and can influence both growth and demand.
• Pricing determines profitability and thus whether a company survives or dies.
• Pricing influences customers’ perceptions of your product/service by communicating quality.

Unfortunately for us, we don’t have a crystal ball, and so it’s difficult for us to know in advance how changes to our pricing could affect the market. Studies have shown that even small variations in price can raise or lower revenue by up to 50%. 

That’s why it’s important to work on your pricing strategy so that people are paying the highest amount possible without hurting your sales. That way, you’ll make more than the competition, especially given that most businesses spend less than ten hours per year thinking about pricing.

Action Point

• Dedicate some resources throughout the coming year to continue to adjust, test and refine your pricing.

A Few More Tips

A soldier experimenting with prices by shining a laser at them. (Source)

Before we say goodbye, let’s take a look at a few final tips on how price communicates value and how we can tap into the power of psychology to set the highest prices possible without losing customers. Here’s what you need to know:

• Case studies sell: Case studies can do a great job of helping you to sell your products and services because they help people see how buying from you could address their pain points. Done well, a solid selection of case studies will allow you to get away with setting higher prices.

• Decide on how to end your price: Some people swear on ending prices with 99, while others round it up to 00. Customer preferences can vary by region, and prices that end with 99 tend to be associated with lower price points.

• Forget about freemium: A lot of Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) companies turn to freemium pricing models, but the thing to remember here is that it’s actually an acquisition model as opposed to a pricing strategy. 

• Have a policy for bartering: Bartering is the process of exchanging goods and services without the use of money. For example, a web designer might build a website for a photographer in exchange for the photographer shooting their wedding. Know where you stand with bartering, even if it’s just that you don’t barter under any circumstances.

• Localize your pricing: Use the local currency and understand how purchase behaviors change by reason. For example, Indian consumers tend to have less disposable income than those in the United States.

• Percentages are ineffective: If you’re offering people discounts and freebies, bear in mind that offers tend to work better than percentages. Try “six months free” for services and “buy one get one free” on products instead of a 50% discount.

• Understand markups and fees: Some companies augment their prices with markups and fees. For example, it’s not uncommon for gyms to charge, say, $19.99 a month, but with a $49.99 setup fee. Try to incorporate these markups in your prices wherever possible and if you have to use them, communicate them clearly to the customer.

Action Point

• Be willing to experiment. Prices are never set in stone, and it’s your responsibility to make sure that you’re experimenting with your prices at least once per quarter.

Takeaways

By now, you should have a good understanding of the role of prices in marketing, and if you’ve been following along with the action points, you’ll have a rough idea of what your price might be.

If in doubt, value-based pricing is a safe bet, because it ensures that your prices reflect the perceived value of what you’re selling. Cost-plus pricing can also work because it’s the easiest strategy to go with and ensures that your prices are above the breakeven point.

Ultimately, there’s no single answer for the strategy you should go with, as it depends on both your company and your customers. On top of that, there’s also plenty of room for you to experiment and to change your prices as time goes on until you figure out what works best.

Just remember that your pricing strategy needs to be determined by research and strategy, and just guessing is a great way to go out of business. You deserve better than that.

Action Point

• Bookmark this page, then go and grab a cup of coffee. You’ve earned it.
• Let these ideas ferment for a couple of days and then read through this article again before making a final decision on the price you’re going to go with.